Fluency, Vocabulary, Comprehension Focus Area - 1429 Words

Fluency, Vocabulary, Comprehension Focus Area Hugh Mackay States that â€Å"Obviously, every child should be given the best possible opportunity to acquire literacy skills.† This quote by Hugh Mackay pretty much states what this paper is about. It will elaborate why fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension are important to all learners at all levels. As well as providing assessments in the areas of fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension, which can be used to assess where learners are so that we can provide them with the interventions needed to become successful readers and learners for a lifetime of learning. Why is Fluency so important? Fluency is important because a student who can read with ease rather than hesitation can learn and comprehend what their reading rather than trying to concentrate on sounding out words and not comprehending anything. Fluency is several things put together that make a reader successful. Those aspects that make readers successful are automaticity , reading rate, prosody, phrasing, and comprehension. Wendy Ward states â€Å"The ultimate goal of fluency is to read silently and concentrate on comprehension rather than decoding individually words.† There are four steps for promoting fluency in the classroom, which are motivation, practice, modeling, and help. In motivation the teacher provides many situations for the students to listen to stories being read aloud in the classroom. The teacher will also give them an opportunity to read to others such asShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of The Humanities And Social Sciences Learning Area1132 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunities for extending literacy through other learning areas. In this case, the Humanities and Social Sciences learning area has been extended to provide students with varied experiences using multimodal texts. Using an analysis of student understanding, the planner has been developed to address gaps and improve student outcomes. Each of the eight knowledge processe s has been addressed in activities targeting comprehension, fluency and vocabulary. The rationale for choosing these skills, associatedRead MoreCritique Of A Classroom Context735 Words   |  3 Pagesyounger grades and set good examples for them. This class of students is based on student data in the learning area of English. The data places students into five (5) different ability groups based on their English skills, knowledge and understandings. The focus of this assessment is structured on the learning area English based on vocabulary, decoding/word attack, fluency, comprehension of fiction/non-fiction (or informational) texts and spelling. The following unit of work program is a 3 Week EnglishRead MoreAn Comprehensive Literacy Instruction Is Essential And Paints The Picture For A Child s Success806 Words   |  4 Pagesawareness, and math. Phonics and phonemic awareness also help with reading comprehension. Preparing a child for fluency and comprehension means doing the basic s and leading up to the high expected skills. Each step in developing reading and writing is built off the other; for example, cause and effect. What is an affective comprehensive literacy instruction? Is one better than the other? This essay will define comprehension literacy instruction and explain how to scaffold a child’s literacy developmentRead MoreIntroduction Of Fluency Instruction On Fluency801 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Fluency Instruction Fluency is another key component of reading, because fluency has often been referred to as the â€Å"bridge† between phonics (decoding) and comprehension. According to Hudson, Lane and Pullen (2005) fluency is â€Å"one of the defining characteristics of good readers, and lack of fluency is a common characteristic of poor readers† (Hudson, Lane Pullen, 2005, p. 702). Fluency is made up three different components accuracy, rate and prosody. Rate refers to the speedRead MoreLiteracy Views From An Individual And Class Perspective Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pageslinguistically in the areas of reading and writing. It is imperative that strategies and techniques are developed to assist students that are affected by influences such as the Internet, television, and social media. When student have been promoted to middle school we believe that students do not struggle in reading however, they most likely will be deficient in literary skills that are required to be successful in their classes. â€Å"The National Reading Panel characterized fluency as the ability toRead MoreAnalyzing And Teaching Reading : Fluency And Comprehension902 Words   |  4 PagesAssessing and Teaching Reading: Fluency and Comprehension The Common Core State Standards place importance on the ability for students to understand and analyze key ideas in text. Students who have reading fluency are able to read text at a steady rate, summarize supporting details, and analyze different points of view. To assess a student’s fluency rate, teachers can measure WCPM, the words read correctly per minute in 2-3 grade-level passages. To assess reading comprehension, teachers can ask studentsRead MoreCognitive Theory And Teaching Vocabulary Enhancement For Various Types Of Learners1620 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, vocabulary has become increasingly important in the content areas such as English, social studies, mathematics and science. Vocabulary knowledge and comprehension is crucial. Although there are many different causes for students’ shortfalls in reading comprehension, there are a variety of strategies to improve these deficits (Biemiller, 2006). This paper looks at the many studies performed on st rategies for vocabulary enhancement for various types of learners, as well as instructionalRead MoreTeaching Methods For An Educator1627 Words   |  7 Pagesmultifaceted process that expands on spoken language, it requires the mastering of a progressive set of skills which nurture a phonemic and Phonological awareness, builds a proficiency in decoding competencies and requires the capability to implement comprehension strategies. An insight into these skills are outlined within a framework comprised of six dynamics commonly referred to as ‘the big six’. These foundation elements are essential in the reading process, and the means in which these skill sets poolRead MoreThe Importance Of Literacy And Student Achievement964 Words   |  4 Pagesawareness, phonics, fluency, vocaburlary, comprehension, motivation, and assessment will be incorporated into the art unit, developing transferable skill sets that can be utilized in multiple disciplines and life outside of the school. The science of reading According to Reutzel (2013) reading is intertwined with many other developmental accomplishments: attention, memory, language, and motivation. Basic concepts and strategies include phonemic awareness and the ability to focus on and manipulateRead MoreProgram Evaluation : Wilson Reading System1635 Words   |  7 Pagesalso include age-appropriate vocabulary and passage-length. Despite these differences, each lesson is structured the same way. Lessons include; (1) sound cards quick drill, (2) teach and review concepts in reading, (3) word cards, (4) wordlist reading, (5) sentence reading, (6) quick drill (in reverse), (7) teach and review concepts in spelling, (8) written word dictation (sounds, words, and sentences), (9) controlled passage reading, and (10) listening comprehension (applied skills). These components

The Statue Of Liberty The Imagery Of Oxidized Lady Liberty

Oxidized Lady Liberty â€Å"Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me.† (Wonderpolis). These exact words by poet Emma Lazarus can be found on the Statue of Liberty’s pedestal. The Statue of Liberty, also known as Lady Liberty, is the iconic symbol for our freedom in America; People from all around the world come to this beautiful land with hopes to live their American dreams. However, there’s more to that than meets the eye. The Statue of Liberty isn’t just a historical figure. The statue is 151 feet of empirical evidence for chemistry (LLC). Lady Liberty’s physical aspects have a chemical feature that is mesmerizing.†¦show more content†¦These compounds are created when the copper (II) oxide is continuously exposed to carbon dioxide (CO2)and sulfur trioxide (SO3) elements in the air along with hydroxide ions (OH-)in wa ter (H2O) over decades. To put it another way, the provided chemical equations below shows what elements reacted with copper (II) oxides to create the three compounds as they were further oxidized: Equation 1: 2CuO + CO2 + H2O → Cu2CO3(OH)2 Equation 2: 3CuO + 2CO2 + H2O → Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Equation 3: 4CuO + SO3+3H2O → Cu4SO4(OH)6 Each of these blue and green compounds combined creates the blue-green colored patina that coats the 151 feet tall Lady Liberty (LLC). To depict this, below is an image by Tom Faulkner that shows the statue before and after oxidation. Considering this, patina is extremely beneficial to Lady Liberty. In the past, there was the misconception that the statue’s color change meant that it was decaying. However, chemistry has shown otherwise. Chemistry showed that the patina actually acts as a natural layer of protection and prevents the copper underneath from corroding/decomposing. Patina is also the â€Å"...closest to equilibrium with the prevailing environmental conditions and thus produces the lowest dissolution rates.† (Livingston). For this

Media, Minorities, and Multiculturalism Free Essays

The article Media, Minorities, and Multiculturalism attempts to explain how and why advances in media misrepresentation of minorities continues to be â€Å"couched in compromise†, and to distinguish between the concepts of media racism and racist media. This article also tries to draw attention to the complex factors involving media misrepresentation of minorities, and explores the developments in the creation of multicultural media by inclusion in mainstream media and institutional parallels that exist around alternative ethnic and aboriginal media. There are profound differences between racist media, and media racism. We will write a custom essay sample on Media, Minorities, and Multiculturalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Racist media is media which openly discriminates against people of a certain race or ethnicity, thereby excluding them or denying them of certain privileges, while media racism is reflected in coverage that ignores minorities except in contexts of entertainment or crisis, and depicts minorities are problematic people, and also encoding words that constitute an elite white discourse in perpetrating ideologies consistent with dominant sectors. The media The mainstream media have been said to be particularly negligent in engaging with diversity in a constructive way, and failing to put the principles of inclusiveness into practice. Although the goal of the media might not necessarily be to diminish or demean minority men and women, the cumulative impact of miscasting has had the controlling effect of depicting minorities as remote or â€Å"removed† people. It has been noted that media that depend mostly on advertising for profit and revenue seem to be the least responsive in the area of change and improvement in minority misrepresentation, and news casting has remained a medium of the negative, even though there have been efforts to avert blatant racism. Men and women of the minority ethnicity are still constantly framed as troublesome people, whose demands and concerns are seen as unpatriotic, especially when they entail concessions or costs. Over time, mainstream media has continued to misrepresent minority men and women at the news-casting level, advertising, TV programming and film making, even though there have been some changes and improvement in TV programming. For example, in countries like the United States and Canada, black and white viewers are having more and more favorite TV programs in common, which is probably because of the use of multi-ethnic casting in TV programs. Media miscasting tends to portray minorities as invisible, problematized, stereotyped, white washed and miniaturized people. Such an indictment is not entirely true presently, as there have been improvements in the quality of media and quantity of media minority representations. Also, advances in media representation of minorities are continuously â€Å"couched in compromise†, as systematic biases and institutional barriers still exist. In the developing world, media coverage of minorities is miscast because the media is preoccupied with style over substance and with adversity over cooperation. Developing world minorities are mostly ignored or made to seem irrelevant by racist mainstream media, and this has the effect of framing minority peoples as volatile and mindlessly violent, due to the absence of a balanced coverage. Ethnic and aboriginal media There have been positive advances in ethnic and aboriginal media, due a popular and a booming ethnic market, which is reforming the ethnic media landscape. Ethnic media continues to flourish with as many as 50 radio stations airing non-English language and non-French language programs. Canada is a world leader in aboriginal media, and has many aboriginal radio and television networks, which the people look upon as an emancipatory tool for social, cultural and educational construction. Racist media in Canada On the basis that a racist media is one in which racism is institutionalized, it can be said that Canada does not have a racist media. Canada does have human rights laws, federal regulatory bodies, and also industry guidelines that are designed to reject deliberate racism. What Canada can be said to have instead, is media racism because the media is not deliberately racist in their coverage despite the racism existing in the mainstream media on personal and institutional levels. Discussion questions Is racist media different from media racism? How can the concept of racist media be measured? What constitutes racist media? Does Canada have racist media? Reference list Media in society Media, Minorities, and Multiculturalism How to cite Media, Minorities, and Multiculturalism, Essay examples

Corporate Communication and PR System

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Communication and PR System. Answer: Introduction: Every business has an established and desired culture and management strive to improve communication teams working on particular projects. Culture is viewed in the scope of how the workers in the organization interact, communicate and how decisions are made regarding various events taking place in the agency(Gover Duxbury, 2015). One of the key aspect of organizational culture includes excellent communication and information exchange between different stakeholders of the organization. The role of effective communication is to help all the internal and external processes to run smoothly and cultivating positive relations between all the stakeholders. To this regard, the company culture and effective team communication is an essential medium where exchange of ideas and information takes place. The management has a role in the creation of culture and improving communication between teams in the organization (Fullan, 2014). The focus of the report includes corporate communication and PR issues affecting John's Outback Adventures Tours operates from Sydney, Australia. The issues pointed includes developing an effective organizational culture and effective team communication in the organization. The rationale for choosing the effective way of promoting active culture is because it will help the management understand the influence of company culture and the strategies of aligning it the business goals and avoiding the making of decisions which does not respond to set values, missions, and vision (Fullan, 2014). Effective team communication is important because it reduces the time wasted due to signs misinterpretation and improve the outcomes of the projects undertaken by the firm, increase the level of productivity, cooperation, and increase revenue on the part of the company (Samovar, et al., 2015). Organization Culture Every company operates under the influence of its established culture. Many employees spend ample and considerable time at their workplace, and thus the firms culture has a significant impact on their personal life and works lives (Samovar, et al., 2015). The term organizational culture is defined as the principles, values, beliefs, and ideologies shared by the individuals in the organization (Hogan Coote, 2014). The culture is created and maintained by the management and leaders have to ensure it is imparted to all the employees and this accounts for the difference between various organizations (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). It is hard to statistically explain and prove the impact generated by culture in the organization. However, there is a general belief that workers in corporations with established culture have a strong sense of engagement, belonging and commitment towards the overall goals. Therefore, the culture developed by the management plays a major role in determining the level of success of the organization (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). If workers share similar beliefs and ideas on how the group needs to function, there is a high level of unity among the staff and agreement on the way forward. This is because many employees working in the same space come from different cultural, ethnic and traditions backgrounds which reflects the diversity of cultures. Therefore the only thing which can give them a sense of unity is having a shared culture and having an understanding of each other variations. As such, culture plays a significant role in ensuring and enhancing better communication and reducing the level of conflict among workers. The aspect of shared culture improves quality level since no employee is neglected and there is equality. Organizational culture helps build the degree of loyalty and motivate all the staff. When employees are treated as central part of the firms culture, they develop desire and work hard toward achieving particular goals and this enhances success of the entity (Hogan Coote, 2014). A healthy competition among the workers mostly results due to a shared culture in the workplace. For instance, it motivates employees to work hard to earn appreciation and recognition from the senior management. Therefore, this is one of the ways of improving the quality of output, prosperity, and flourishing of the organization. Besides, the culture acts as guidelines because it provides employees with a sense of expectations and direction that always keeps them at the task. When employees understand their direction, they understand the roles, responsibilities and work hard toward accomplishing the allocated tasks before set deadlines (Fullan, 2014). The firms culture creates the required identity of the organization and further understand the way agency conduct its business. For instance, the ways in which the clients and consumers of the company are handled is determined by its culture. Effective Team Communication in the Organization Employees at all level must ensure communication with others through various means such as e-mail, face-to-face, phone conversation to facilitate the exchange of ideas on projects being undertaken. Each mean has its set of rules and skills required to execute a proper communication. Proper training is essential in improving communication techniques and expertise of all employees across all platforms(Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). Many managers in the organization require employees to handle work related projects as a team for better outcomes. The benefits of working together include improved employees relationship, high level of tasks accomplishment and distribution of the work responsibilities based on competence and capability. However, the opposite can be achieved owing to high level of anxiety, tension and poor communication among employees. Adequate disclosure of information in the team plays a significant roles in eliminating negative feelings and stress due to a close working relationship which characterizes the team (Grunig, 2013). It is important for the leaders in the organization to encourage the workers to work in a team and cultivate successful communication when working as a group. There are various characteristics of a teamwork driven by effective communication between members. For the team to communicate effectively in the workplace, the members need to be open minded and actively listen to each other and have an understanding of the set goals and objectives of the projects (Kuehn, 2016). One can argue that effective communication during teamwork is core and essential in attaining the set goals. Effective communication involves attention to details, listening to others, understanding their concepts, clarifying areas where there are poor understanding and sharing of the ideas concerning the project. Based on the information provided by scholars above, effective team communication plays a role in determining the level of success and failure of work related tasks that requires the effort of teamwork. When team members initiate communication with open minds, where all members seek clarification and share the ideas as opposed to making general assumptions, the results includes harmony and trust between the team. The management, on the other hand, must ensure that the employees have skills and capability to communicate effectively by initiating training programs and seminars where communication experts take the employees through rigorous training to create understanding on the issues at hand. Executives in the organization must be aware of indicators of poor communication in the team. For instance, missed project deadlines, delayed project completion is a sign of poor communication among members of the team. Besides, teams which consume a lot of time on one issue rather than implementing the plans lacks communication skills required by the team to delegate responsibilities and tasks to make the job done. Other indications of such problems include loss of focus and direction, dissension and endless argument amongst the team members. As such, there is need to take necessary steps to implement programs meant to train workers on the active styles of communicating in a bid to change the work environment and eventually increase the level of productivity and increased revenue (Grunig, 2013). Developing Effective Organizational Culture There are various ways in which Outback Adventures Tours can develop an effective team culture for its workers in Sydney, Australia. The processes of implementing active organization culture include teaching it, defining it, living it, measuring it and reward it. The management needs to teach employees on the desired of the group and make it a reality. In the process, the administration should talk about the kind of culture to be achieved (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). For example, describing the ways in which things will be done, telling the team on how they need to communicate and how to deal with colleagues and consumers. It is essential for the program to highlight the kind of culture and communication aspects to be changed and one to be incorporated. The problem arises because people do not understand the particular culture of the organization and what is expected from them. Therefore, putting the company mission and vision in essential to making the employees know the culture. During the training program, there is a need to define the culture as this makes people understand what the culture is and what to do. Besides, documenting it is far more likely to help you get where you want to go (Gover Duxbury, 2015). Living the culture What employees say has got little to do with the companys culture but what they do make the have an understanding of it. Therefore, to develop an effective culture, the management has to ensure the staff lives it, as this help comprehensively built it over time (Gover Duxbury, 2015). As such, it is the role of the management to ensure that the actions of the employees in a way creates the organizational culture because the influence of organization leaders plays a substantial role to shape the culture. To this regard, it is the systems, processes, recipes put in place and the styles of handling failure. Meaningful ways to impact the companys culture is through matching the words with the actions, using culture to deal with situations, explaining the values to employees, systems of rewards and recruiting based on skills needed. Once the management has identified the desired culture and the key elements to be imparted to employees, it is necessary to make it a reality and then assess what has been achieved. In the context of the organization, there is various ways management can evaluate the culture and determine what has been achieved and the gap to be filled. Methods of evaluating include the styles employees have learned on how to handle conflict when they emerge, the level of coordination among employees, identification of problems and skills of addressing them (Fullan, 2014). It also includes measuring how the values have been incorporated into the culture, system of employees rewarded, how the company deals with new ideas and the process of hiring and firing employees. This can be done using The Organizational Culture Assessment questionnaire to measure these aspects. If the evaluation determines the culture is less than the expected, the management can work toward improving the culture(Alvesson Sveni ngsson, 2015). One way of evaluating and correcting the culture is by reviewing the vision, mission, and values to see how they aligned to the overall culture, how the values are mirrored and how to integrate the mission, vision and values effectively Rewarding the developed culture Many organizations faces a common problem due to mismatches between the elements communicated and the reward system. In some cases, it is the issue of the absence of rewards for employees. Companies can achieve the exact opposite of the cultural behavior being promoted (Martinez Wang, 2015). For example, the firm can seek to develop a culture of teamwork but reward employees based on individual performance instead of recognizing the team. This is not to say there are organizations that can correctly reward the workers, but the management should be cognizant of the elements incorporated in the mission, vision, and values and ensuring they are rewarded when necessary. The emphasis is not on reward based on money, but several methods in various settings because building a positive takes a lot of time, recognition and range of rewards. Developing Effective Team Communication To ensure effective team communication, the management of Johns Outback Adventures Tours needs to implement some measures such as implementing open door policy, encouraging a two-way feedback, clarification of roles, build team spirit, training and using appropriate forms of communication (Beebe Masterson, 2014). Lack of open door policy encourages an atmosphere of secrecy between employees which affects the communication between employees. When the management offers a platform of transparency for the team, it supports the level of interaction between colleagues, and regular communication (Grunig, 2013). For instance, when there is open door policy, the team members can discuss the progress, problems and issues can be resolved immediately. Teams would not wait until the leaders call for a weekly meeting to discuss the problems and look for solutions. Besides, this encourages two-way feedback between the leaders and the team that increases team communications. Feedback is essential as it opens the boundaries that affect any form of communication, promote self-evaluation and encourages the levels of interactions. Clarity of roles and responsibilities When there is no clear roles and responsibility among the team members, it leads to miscommunications, and this causes many problems in the team. If the management is yet to allocate members their roles and responsibilities, them member are not sure of what the team requires them to do. Therefore when the administration clarifies the functions and responsibilities, there is increasing the effectiveness of group communications (Grunig, 2013) For every project the team is working on, there are some aspects which are handled individually and therefore the need for effective communication to enable the team to report the progress. Also, there is a work environment where team members can work in different locations and the report the progress. In such a case, then it is essential for the management to consider the best form of communication such as video conferencing where the team can hold conversations (Beebe Masterson, 2014). To this effect, there is need to find the appropriate form of communication to make communication between members comfortable and where all the information is accessible to anyone. For instance, a software can be employed to store information in a central place and streamline the information to the extent that all employees understand which responsibility and tasks they require to handle at a particular time or any given point. Training employees is an important means of developing effective team communication between members. The management should understand the virtues of training in improving team communication. Although training requires a lot of time, money and continuous effort, it is an effective way of ensuring improved interactions between teams(Grunig, 2013). The role of training is for the purpose of improving communication and building the ability to skillfully deliver the information and persuade others on the course to take. In the training process, the focus should be verbal, face-to-face, giving presentations, written, building relationships on the team, and presenting feedback and others (Beebe Masterson, 2014). Implementing Online Tools of Communication The advent of technology and emergence of social communication tools makes them vital for disseminating information between groups. The average team member spends a lot of time online chasing information and seeking help on how to complete specific tasks in case of any problem. Owing to this information, the organization should invest in cloud-based software to be used for communication in the workplace. The technology allows the organization to centralize the projects in progress in a single place which mean all the members of the group can have instant and quick access to information (Samovar, et al., 2015). Such platform eliminates decreases the amount spend to searching for information and face to face meeting that requires a lot of time to monitor. On the other hand, the manager can evaluate the progress of the projects and detect any issues which can arise, monitor team communication and guide where necessary(Schippers, et al., 2015). Conclusion Effective team communication and general organization culture are important aspects of the organization. These elements ensure unity among employees because of sharing the same beliefs and values. On the other hand, effective team communication is paramount to ensuring coordination between team members in completing assigned roles and responsibilities. Therefore it is paramount for the organization to ensure effective culture is developed by teaching it, living it, rewarding it and assessing the progress. On the other hand, effective team communication can be achieved through ensuring two-way feedback, incorporating the appropriate means of communication and training the employees. The report recommends the leaders to embrace diversity when developing effective culture and communication in the organization. Concerning the team culture, it is important to consider the mission and vision to ensure the development of culture which reflects the actions of the company. It is essential to be aware of the actions required to achieve the envisioned culture and considering the elements which are most important to implement. Because there are no quick fix and shortcut to cultural change, the management should consider gradually building the culture by imparting desired elements and aligning it to the changing environment. On the other hand, the management should ensure organization culture and corporate culture does not hinder effective communication between the team. For instance, the structure should not impede upward and downward communication between employees and senior employees. The channels used must be effective and that effective technology must be put in place. For instance, the technology implemented must help the team members communicate efficiently and manage long-term projects without many challenges. Further, it should be secure, easy to share files, facilitate discussions and easy allocation of tasks, and check the progress of the projects. Also, the technology should not only enable sharing of data and facilitate reviewing and provision of constructive feedback irrespective of the geographical location and distance. Bibliography Alvesson, M. Sveningsson, S., 2015. Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress.. London: Routledge. Beebe, S. Masterson, J., 2014. Communicating in small groups: Principles and practices. London: Pearson Higher Education. Fullan, M., 2014. Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook.. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons.. Gover, L. Duxbury, L., 2015. Is it just me? Exploring perceptions of organizational culture change. British Journal of Management, 68(4), pp. 50-62. Grunig, J., 2013. Excellence in public relations and communication management. London : Routledge. Hogan, S. Coote, L., 2014. Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), pp. pp.1609-1621. Kuehn, S., 2016. Exploring US Business Leaders' Strategies for Enhancing Team Communication. Minneapolis: Walden University. Martinez, E. Wang, T., 2015. Organizational culture and performance. The American Economic Review, 5(105), pp. 331-335. Samovar, L., Porter, R., McDaniel, E. Roy, C., 2015. Communication between cultures. Ontario: Nelson Education. Schippers, M., West, M. Dawson, J., 2015. Team reflexivity and innovation: The moderating role of team context. Journal of Management, 3(41), pp. 769-788.

Winter Dreams Essays (480 words) - Araby, The Lottery, Paragraph

Winter Dreams Final Paper Question #1 A. In the opening of the story, James Joyce carefully described the protagonist's neighborhood and surroundings in two paragraphs. As he used real names like North Richmond Street and Christian brothers School, thus by reading the first paragraph, readers are able to figure out a map of the community in which the protagonist lived. Then he went on to lead us to the late priests drawing room. The detailed description of the room appealed to our senses. Following the footsteps of the protagonist, the readers can smell the musty air of the room, see the littered kitchen, touch the curl and damp books found in the kitchen. This realistic description enables the reader to identify with the characters of the story. The first two paragraphs establish a gray still atmosphere, which was common to Dublin's neighborhoods these days. The boy is presented to us as a curios boy that discovers one detail after the other in his new house (the rusted bicycle pump, the books...); He is looking for something in his life. The fact he liked one book over the other because his pages were yellow imply to us he is not mature enough yet to see things under the surface but only interested of the things above. The street he lives in is a blind street. This also implies of the protagonist's blindness that is being enlightened at the end of the story and suddenly sees things differently. B. The Lottery By Shirley Jackson- The first few lines in The Lottery, establish a very different atmosphere then the one established in ?Araby?. In the first paragraph Jackson describes the ?clear and sunny? June morning with the ?fresh warmth of a full-summer day?. The mood is very optimistic as we can see and everything seems to be just perfect (in opposite of the truth reviled in front of us at the end). In the first paragraph we can feel through Jackson's writing the warm sunrays touching us. We can smell the flowers that are ?blossoming profusely? and can paint the ?richly green grass? in our minds. The people appear in the first paragraph as ?villagers gathering in the square? for a fun purpose as the lottery. In first reading, we have a very strong feeling of happiness in the air. It is only at second reading that we start asking our selves questions about the first paragraph; such as why are the children picking stones and why does the lottery takes two hours and even a few days in other towns. In opposite to ?Araby? which has a dark night atmosphere throughout the whole story and ends with the enlightened of the boy, the story begins with light and ends with depth/darkness. Question #2 I chose to compare the boy in ?Araby? to the boy (and later man) of F.Scott Fitzgerald's ?Winter Dreams?. English Essays

Mandatory vaccination in staff Essay Example

Mandatory vaccination in staff Essay Example Mandatory vaccination in staff Essay Mandatory vaccination in staff Essay Introduction Even to this today, the on-going issue of compulsorily immunizing all staff members in infirmaries is in inquiry. We ask why is it an issue? Well it basically develops from the rights of the patients and workers that conflict with each other. The infirmary members feel that it is a misdemeanor to their civil autonomies , while the other side says it is in the best involvements of patients . In this type of state of affairs, I feel as if the rights of the patients take case in point over the staff members’ rights due to considerations of ethical motives and responsibilities. I will specify the positive and negative rights in relation to the prompt and travel on to discoursing why I prefer the statement for the patients, but will besides advert the counterargument for staff members. In the terminal, I will reason with an opinionative via media as an illustration to turn to the issue. 1. Positive and Negative Rights First away, we need to look back at the prompt to inquiry and truly understand what rights are implied. We see that the prompt references that the decrease in the spread of disease is in the best involvement of patients through the issue of a compulsory grippe shooting. I figured that this phrase implied a positive right, which is defined by the right to hold something and has duties imposed on the authorities or other people ( McDaniel and Shaw 2014 ) . In this instance, the patients have the right to a safe environment, while the authorization of a flu inoculation to all infirmary forces is the imposed duty. The undermentioned sentence so mentions the misdemeanor of civil autonomies of the many wellness professionals . These civil autonomies are defined by freedoms protected from intervention by authorities or by others , which is besides known as a negative right ( McDaniel and Shaw 2014 ) . The wellness professionals argue the right to be left entirely to their ain pick and freedom to take the grippe shooting. Now we can place the struggle, in which the patients argued about their positive right to a safe environment from the grippe, while the staff members advocated their negative rights to have the inoculation or non. 2. Morality: Duty Not to Harm Others For the most portion people do non seek to harm each other since it would be immoral. If I was contagious and accidentally or even deliberately infected another individual, it would be considered as harming person and I could be wholly cognizant of my illness or have perfectly no hint that I am ill ( Gilbert 1980 ) . By rinsing my custodies with soap as a manner to forestall spreading, it implies the responsibility non to infect/not to harm others wittingly, but it besides does non connote the duty to non acquire ill. We would necessitate to measure the magnitude of injury on single staff members versus the benefits of the patients to see if the duty non to harm others holds for this instance ( Gilbert 1980 ) . Since the patients are more susceptible infection by the grippe, due to already disturbing medical issues ( old age, weaker immune system, unfastened lesions, etc. ) which put them into infirmary originally, the benefit of the patients being around a safer, clean environment w ould outweigh the minor hazards of inoculations for staff members ; minor hazards include allergic reactions, losing work yearss due to being ill from vaccinum, and highly rare instances of medical conditions such as neuritis ( Hull et al. 2004 ) . It is particularly important to patients because these medical professionals work up closely with vulnerable patients. We see that the positive rights of the patients to safe environment outdo the staff members’ single rights which can potentially jeopardize the facility/many patients. 3. Medical and Health Responsibility As antecedently discussed, the duty non to harm others will use greatly to forces in wellness attention as opposed to a normal bystander ( Gilbert 1980 ) . Patients entrust their demands to be take attention of by the medical workers and the protection against injury to their wellness since the patients can non make so themselves. This puts duty to the medical staff members to non increase the hazard of injury, to guarantee wellness quality, and the moral responsibility of attention for patients. Some would reason that they can non belie their aim of a wellness establishment by non taking the grippe shooting. Furthermore, by acquiring the grippe shooting, one aid forestall other workers from going ill, therefore forestalling the loss of wellness quality and cost from absences ( Anikeeva et al. 2008 ) . We even see that there is a common ego involvement in bar of the grippe shared by both workers and patients. 4. Counterarguments and Considerations There are multiple statements that can be made against some of the thoughts stated earlier. Person could reason for the staff member’s duties to non be applicable in the instance of them declining the vaccinum and non cognizing for certain that he/she will infect a patient or even to which patient involved. This counterargument is somewhat misunderstood because if the individual consciously knows that they run the hazard of distributing the disease to the patients, so this infringes on the responsibility non to harm other and the moral responsibility of attention. In add-on, one could besides reason the issue of the staff member harming themselves to assist the patients, since they are expected to non harm and supply benefits to the patients. Harmonizing to this type of point of view, inoculation can non continue to their medical duty. This statement is inconsistent because it varies around for each person, inoculations may hold zero to differing grades of injury. 4. Decision Ultimately, people have to take between rights when given picks that struggle with each other. The inquiry of which right ( s ) will take precedency over the other right ( s ) occurs, but in the terminal a via media is frequently reached. I lean towards the positive rights of the patients in that a compulsory grippe shooting should be implemented, though I am willing to do and propose a via media. For certain, I feel like medical establishments have the moral duty to at least put up voluntary inoculations against the grippe for the medical staff. A compulsory inoculation will non be required if more than half, the bulk, of the staff members get the grippe shooting. Though, if less than half voluntary to acquire inoculations, so I say that a compulsory inoculation is sensible ; freedoms for medical and spiritual grounds can be considered ( Swanks and Longo ) . This fixed credence rate of over half is merely an sentiment and illustration to show a via media which can be subjugated to some alteration as future research decides the effectivity of holding medical forces vaccinated. For illustration, they may raise the sum demand to be vaccinated to at least 70 % in response to positive benefits of patient wellness. On the other manus, they may lower/not lower at all if no alteration in patient wellness and benefits occurs. A particular state of affairs occurs if an epidemic disease interruptions out, which will probably ensue in compulsory inoculations. In this instance, the overall public wellness will be placed over the single civil autonomies, therefore giving options of yes or no ; be vaccinated or be quarantined . All in all, I feel as if the compulsory inoculation should non be thought of as a compulsory act, but instead every bit merely a status to work in the medical establishment, much like how schools require pupils to be vaccinated for certain things in order to go to school ; illustration like the University of Texas demand of meningococcal vaccinum ( Meningococcal Vaccine Requirement for UT Students n.d. ) . Mentions Anikeeva, O. , A. Braunack-Mayer, and W. Rogers. Necessitating Influenza Vaccination For Health Care Workers. American Journal of Public Health99, no. 1 ( 2008 ) : 24-29. Harman, Gilbert. Moral Relativism as a Foundation for Natural Rights. The Journal of Libertarian Surveies4 ( 1980 ) : 367-371. Hull, J H K, S H Mead, and H Modarres-Sadeghi. Severe vasculitic neuropathy following influenza inoculation. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery A ; Psychiatry75, no. 10 ( 2004 ) : 1507-1508. Accessed February 16, 2014. hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.028902 Meningococcal ( Bacterial Meningitis ) Vaccine Requirement for Entering UT Students. Meningococcal Vaccine Requirement for UT Students. Accessed February 16, 2014. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthyhorns.utexas.edu/requiredvaccine/ McDaniel, Eric, and Daron Shaw. American Government: Civil Liberties PowerPoint presentation at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. February 3, 2014. Chics, Sarah, and Kristina Longo. What Every Hospital Should Know Before Implementing a Compulsory Flu Shot Policy. What Every Hospital Should Know Before Implementing a Compulsory Flu Shot Policy. Accessed February 16, 2014. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ober.com/publications/1606-what-every-hospital-should-know-before-implementing-mandatory-flu-shot-policy 1

Wal-mart, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wal-mart, Inc - Essay Example lton, the founder of Walmart had created a unique culture at Walmart by involving all the employees of Walmart, including those belonging to the managerial as well as non managerial positions. Mr. Sam Walton once said that individuals do not win, but teams do. Therefore if someone is working for Walmart then Sam Walton is a partner not the boss. Mr. Walton used the unique organizational culture to gain long term competitive advantage. The whole idea or concept behind the incorporation of such an organizational culture is to do things the Walmart way. Probably that is the reason people working at Walmart calls it a ‘cult-like’ atmosphere. One of the key ingredients to do business the Walmart way is to treat employees as business partners. Mr. Walmart believes in the value of creating employee partnership. It was believed that an employee has the ability to be business leader if provided the right platform. The best way to do so is to let the employees take major decisions (Wilton, 2010, p.292). The employees at Walmart are not ‘employees’; rather they are ‘associates’ encourages acting as entrepreneurs. In order to take employee empowerment process Mr. Walton even introduced the concept of profit sharing. In Walmart there are no HR division, there exists people division as Mr. Walton understood the importance of employee and manager interaction. Another key aspect of Walmart employee empowerment is controlling expenses. According to Mr. Walton, employees should manage company expenses just like the personal expenses. Therefore by sharing the profit and loss, the employees truly understand the strong relation between profitability of the company and the potential to receive some percentage of profit sharing. That is not all. Add to the innovative concept of profit sharing Mr. Walton wanted to add something extra to motivate the employees. It was once said by him that money and ownership may not be enough to motivate people. It was believed that the

Fashion Brand - FCUK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion Brand - FCUK - Assignment Example The paper "Fashion Brand - FCUK" discusses the cause of FCUK’s current financial crisis and propose methods that can help the company re-strategise their branding and market position. French Connection or popularly known as ‘FCUK’ is a fashion-led clothing retailer and wholesaler business that was founded and based in the United Kingdom. Its retail and wholesale business operates mainly in the UK, in other parts of Europe, in the U.S., and other licensed stores around the world carrying several products such as its own French Connection/FCUK brand, a designer label called Nicole Farhi, a popular UK whole sale brand called Great Plains, and the mail-order business known as Toast. Aside from their clothing lines, French Connection has also expanded its product range by producing what they call ‘complimentary products’ to their fashion collections. These complimentary products are in the form of eyewears and various fragrances. The company was founded in 1972 by its current chairman and chief executive Stephen Marks. FCUK had eventually made its mark in the fashion industry by introducing fashionable clothes at very affordable prices catering primarily to the middle-market customers with ages ranging from 18 to 35 years old (News, 2006). For so many years, FCUK have managed to put up a competitive brand against its High Street counterparts; however, just recently, FCUK had been continuously incurring noticeable decline in its sales and profits. There were actually several reasons. behind this high turnover for the company's revenues, primarily it is due to the soaring up of its prices which seems to have become quite expensive for their High Street target market to afford; another reason would be the company's effort of changing its image - trying to level it with competitors of bigger labels in an attempt to improve its market share and position thus resulting to pricing themselves out of the High Street competition; and finally, the recent advertising tactics of the company simply did not made an impact to its target market, not only in Europe but in other parts of the world as well which even contributed to driving its customers away from the brand. FCUK Current Situation Since 2002, FCUK's annual reports on its sales and profits all over the world have been progressing positively; it only means that the company has been performing well on the High Street market competition. However, due to recent events, it would really be alarming to know that the company this year has been continuously issuing warnings to investors that profits would surely be lower than expected (News, 2006). French Connection has reported a substantial pre-tax loss of 3.6 million in the first half of the year which ended on the 31st of July 2006 compared with the 5.1 million pre-tax loss it incurred the previous year; group revenues had also fallen by 6% from the previous year to 112.2 million (Interim Statement French Connection Group PLC, 2006). The problem of these declining figures originated mainly from a range of smaller problems that the company must resolve in order to hopefully gain back its losses in the future. It was found that one of the problems is that the company gravely needs to rethink of the prices it is setting on the range of their clothing lines in relation to their target market - which is

Financial Management assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Management assignment 2 - Essay Example The company does not seem to be cash-rich as it currently has an overdraft facility. Although the company has been operating successfully, taking on the project will put the company in an unfavourable cash flow position. The Internal Rate of Return in which the Net Present Value is zero is undefined as there is no discount rate that is small enough to make the Net Present Value zero. The company has already incurred a considerable sum of GBP 750,000 on research and development of this new range. Perhaps, the company can consider alternative ways of manufacturing this product, such as outsourcing or negotiating for better material costs without compromising on its quality. The initial research cost of the project has already been incurred by the company and is considered as sunk cost. This is because whether Paddle Your Own Canoe Plc takes up the project, or not, the initial research cost will still be considered as being spent. In analysing the cash flow that will be generated from the project, sunk costs must be ignored. As such, the treatment of the initial research cost is to exclude from the cash flow calculation. Likewise, depreciation of the plant and machinery is not included in the calculation of the cash flow because this is a non cash flow item, while the investment appraisal focuses on cash flows. Depreciation is an accounting method of recognising the reduction of the company's fixed assets in its income statement over time and does not affect cash at all. Thus, this item has also been excluded. The additional working capital that the company needs to invest in is meant for other purposes at the end of the project. In fact, this will only be released for use at the end of the project. Although the company has to commit to this much earlier, the item has also been excluded in the calculations. This is because the working capital is not related to the project and will not affect the investment at all. However, in the event that the working capital is sought for the purpose of the project, then this will have to be considered in determining the feasibility of the project. Question 1c The payback period calculation looks at the shortest number of years to recover the cost of the project. Although the calculation is easy to understand and simple, it still has its limitations. It ignores the benefits that occur after the payback period and more importantly, the method ignores the time value of money. The Net Present Value is an indicator of how much value an investment or project adds to the company. The Net Present Value is a more reliable method of calculating the returns expected from investments as the method considers the time value of money. The Net Present Value compares the value of a dollar today to the value of that same dollar in the future, taking both inflation and returns into account. A positive Net Present Value generated from a prospective project is a good sign and should be accepted On the contrary, a negative Net Present Value resulting from projects should be rejected because the cash flows will also be negative. The Internal Rate of Return is the discount rate that delivers a Net

Importance of information systems

Importance of information systems Abstract: The following paper explains the importance of information systems in E-business and the limitations of information systems on the E-business. The report explicates different information systems used in E-business. Also the report gives the advantages and limitations of E-business and its resultant architectures. The discussion in the paper is limited to the information systems architectures, Advantages, Limitations and does not include the strategies in it. (http://www.aeablogs.org/eakd/files/Zachman_s_Original_1987_Paper.pdf) Introduction: An Information system (IS) is a combination of computing systems used in a organisation and the activities performed on them in order to support the organisation and also help in decision making process. In other terms IS is used to collect, process, store, analyze and disseminate information for specific purpose (Turban 2008, pg 13). Information systems have large role in the implementation of E-business in the past decade. Due to the increased complexity in the designs and the level of complexity in the systems (Information Technology) used on Online markets are forcing E-business to use some logical architecture of Information systems in order to make the design, functionality and processes look simpler and ease. Information systems has not only provided the level of cost-effective solutions but also helped in terms of human work force i.e., combination of Information technology and human involvement reduced the risk of failures in E-business. For example EBay and Amazon are some of the E-business organizations that are successfully using Information systems in their daily business activities. Information architecture is a physical plan of how the information assets in an organization are arranges which includes the physical designs of the buildings, hardware and other physical assets of the company. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is another area of study that helps in processing and transfer of data and information electronically that is used for information system and also provides the infrastructure for intra- and inter-organisational information systems.(http://www.turningcourse.com/ukais/isdefn.pdf) Below shown is the sample figure of the architecture of an organization. The above figure illustrates the Information infrastructure in an Online Airline Company. The picture also explains how the process in that organization takes in their day to day activities. Whether running an airline or an airport, the right information systems can have a critical impact in the operating costs, operating effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. Some of the potential features of Information Systems are: Combine resources and collaborate with each other anytime, anywhere. Increase the efficiency and effectiveness of people working in a group in several locations. Effective decision-making. Reach global market efficiently. Information Systems in E-business: In order to understand E-business, we must first learn the definition of E-commerce. It is nothing but buying and selling of products and services over electronic networks (Internet). While E-business focuses on the strategies, that gives more importance and to the functionalities that evolve are determined as potential features of the Information systems in E-business. So, E-commerce is a subset of E-business (Wikipedia, E-business). E-business can also be described as integration of business strategies, processes and technologies. Some of the application areas of E-business are Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Human Resource Management (HRM). The two basic strategies conducted over internet are business to customer (B2C) and business to business (B2B). For an effective and efficient E-business, Information systems are very crucial. Information systems simplifies the business process involved, whether it is the transactions, decision making, customer relationships or the managerial issues (http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/ptgfbtkj67d8wwr6/fulltext.pdf?page=1). Information systems are widely used in E-businesses these days. Electronic business is a wide area where IS can be used in many processes. IS are used in the transactions, services and strategies in the E-business thus stating them as a backbone for any business process. IS architecture are well understood but the conceptual specification of information systems for business process integration remains an open methodology in terms of managerial perspective. Some of the advantages of E-business are: Worldwide Presence: One of the biggest advantages of promoting E-business online is its presence in the global market. For example, IBM was one of the initial companies to adapt E-business in the areas of servicing customers and collaborating with different business organization around the globe. Dell on the other hand has an efficient business selling their products all over the globe through telephone and the Internet. Cost Effective Marketing and Promotions: Buy being in the global market on the web enables the organizations to reach their customers at normal prices or even discounted prices as the middle man costs are reduces in this process. Advertising techniques like pay per click advertising ensure that the advertiser only pays for the advertisements that are actually viewed. Affiliate marketing, is another technique where the consumers are directed to the required business sites and in turn these site owners receive compensations which benefits both the parties. Organizations involved in e-business have to use cost effective online advertising strategies to their advantage. Developing a Competitive Strategy: By being on the online market, many organizations can analyse their data and develop a strategy to compete with other companies in the market with an effective strategy by using some of the information systems such as ERP. Better Customer Service: By using the CRM application has improves the customer service. For example, on visiting a site there is a pop up window that enables chat window. So the customer can clear any doubts that he has. Also by paying the product cost online the customer may not have to leave their house in order to receive to product. Disadvantages of E-Business Sectoral Limitations: One of the major disadvantages of E-business is growth in some sectors such as food industry for example. Customers do not want to buy food products particularly which are unpreserved because they have a fear of contamination of the product. Likewise, some other sectors are large constructional equipments; Automobile and pharmacy are some of the sectors that E-business has limitations. You may not receive what you believe you have purchased. Security Some of the ricks that a customer or supplier could face in E-business is the security. The customer faces risks such as financial records, personal privacy and viruses whereas the supplier face risks such as viruses and hackers. But it is apparent that the advantages of E-business outsmart its limitations. Thus concluding that every business have to change their mode of operation and adopt E-business for its success and global reach. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-e-business.html Information Systems Architecture in E-business: Information systems architecture is in nothing but the organization development, system structure, technical support, and product delivery mechanisms for a business information system. Information architecture explains the physical design (Hardware, Buildings and software processes) involved in it. E-business uses many information systems in order to improve their business effectively and efficiently. The information systems used in E-business architecture are explained more detailed in the following report. Transaction Processing systems(TPS): TPS supports the monitoring the transactions and also cooling, storing, processing and sub-categorizing the business transactions. The primary mechanism of this system is to provide the information needed by the organization in order to run the business more effectively. Generally information systems are designed within each functional area (Support systems, External Systems) thus increasing its effectiveness though proper integration of information systems. The following diagram explains the flow of information among the function areas within the information systems through integration. Integration is an important component in TPS. For example An E-business organization such as eBay has many transactions and if an electronic payment is made, the amount must be either both withdrawn from one account and added to the other account. In case of a failure preventing transaction completion, the partially executed transaction must be rolled back by the TPS. Management Information Systems (MIS): MIS is the system or method that delivers information needed in an organization. This information is used in decision making processes and other important functional areas. It covers each and every aspect of the organization such as reports, technical information (sales reports, analysts reports) in a business to solve problems such as product costs, services and business strategies. Some of the features of MIS are: Processes data into information. Directed towards middle managers. Information achieved is categorized accordingly so that it is easy to analyze the data when used in decision making. Executive Support Systems (ESS): ESS is also called as Enterprise Information System (EIS) that is mainly used by the senior level managers. At the top level management EIS supports strategic planning that may sometimes change the nature of the business process. The EIS information is generally Decision support system for the whole organization that helps the senior executives to analyze and monitor the data in the decision making process. Knowledge Management Systems(KMS): KMS is a kind of support systems between top level and middle level management. KMS is nothing but additional staff in organizations who act as advisors for senior and middle management. The concept of KMS is to help employees in the company to readily access the documents, information sources and solution.KMS is also responsible for finding new knowledge for the organization and integrating it with existing knowledge.

End-Stage Renal Disease :: essays research papers

This article is for people whose kidneys fail to work. This condition is called end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Today, there are new and better treatments for ESRD that replace the work of healthy kidneys. By learning about your treatment choices, you can work with your doctor to pick the one that's best for you. No matter which type of treatment you choose, there will be some changes in your life. But with the help of your health care team, family, and friends, you may be able to lead a full, active life. This article describes the choices for treatment: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. It gives the pros and cons of each. It also discusses diet and paying for treatment. It gives tips for working with your doctor, nurses, and others who make up your health care team. It provides a list of groups that offer information and services to kidney patients. It also lists magazines, books, and brochures that you can read for more information about treatment. You and your doctor will work together to choose a treatment that's best for you. This article can help you make that choice. When Your Kidneys Fail Healthy kidneys clean the blood by filtering out extra water and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and blood healthy. When both of your kidneys fail, your body holds fluid. Your blood pressure rises. Harmful wastes build up in your body. Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells. When this happens, you need treatment to replace the work of your failed kidneys. Treatment Choice: Hemodialysis Purpose Hemodialysis is a procedure that cleans and filters your blood. It rids your body of harmful wastes and extra salt and fluids. It also controls blood pressure and helps your body keep the proper balance of chemicals such as potassium, sodium, and chloride. How it Works Hemodialysis uses a dialyzer, or special filter, to clean your blood. The dialyzer connects to a machine. During treatment, your blood travels through tubes into the dialyzer. The dialyzer filters out wastes and extra fluids. Then the newly cleaned blood flows through another set of tubes and back into your body. Getting Ready Before your first treatment, an access to your bloodstream must be made. The access provides a way for blood to be carried from your body to the dialysis machine and then back into your body. The access can be internal (inside the body -- usually under your skin) or external (outside the body).

Principles Of Behaviorism Essay

The principles of behaviorism are represented through a sequence of events and possibly lead to â€Å"time-out† period. Time-out is used by parents as a disciplinary tool towards their misbehaving child. Parents respond to a child’s actions through reinforcement, whether it be expressed by a positive or negative feedback. When a child does something unacceptable or troublesome the parent may use seclusion as a type of punishment known as â€Å"time-out.† After the child has done something wrong they must sit in a quiet area by themselves and ‘think about what they had done wrong.’ The time-out isolation usually is dismissed after the child has â€Å"cooled down† and acknowledges their behavior and is ready to act appropriately. Time-out usually influences a child’s behavioral development by learning the consequences of disobedience. This type of reinforcement could have many consequences based on the parent’s discretion. Some parents may use the threat of deprivation as a further penalty. The removal of the child’s TV, video games, cell phone or time with friends may be taken away until the child has fully understands why they are being punished. If the parents have successfully reinforced the child’s behaviors throughout development, the child should not be repeating a punishment for the same bad behavior that was once acknowledged. The child’s behavior should have already been handled and the frequency of misbehaving should decrease.

Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860

Leading up to and even during the 1850’s, political parties within the union grew tense on the issue of slavery. In the text the author quotes Calhoun as saying â€Å"the cords holding the Union together had already begun to fray.† This is a great description of the growing animosity between the numerous party members. The most devastating blow to the Whig party was brought by the Kansas-Nebraska Act which was put forward by Stephen Douglas and repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty in the new territory of Kansas. With the split of the Whig party, some Northern Whigs joined the new American party which stood for serving the â€Å"patriotic cause of the Union.† Other Northern Whigs joined independent Democrats and Free Soilers arguing in opposition to slavery and forming what is later known as the Republican party in 1854. In 1854, at their first national convention, Republicans sought out John C. Fremont and took the first political party stance against slavery with the slogan â€Å"Free soil, free speech, and Fremont.† Republicans later named Abraham Lincoln as their 1860 presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James Buchanan for the 1856 election to run against Fremont. Contrary to the reaction of the Whig party, the Democratic platform endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, plead with congress not to interfere with slavery issues, condemned nativism, and endorsed religious liberty. Buchanan won the election of 1856. Nearing the 1860 election, Democrats held their convention in Charleston, South Carolina. Here the party saw its split. Douglas supporters promised congressional noninterference with slavery while some southerners demanded protection of slavery. The climax of this party debate came when William L. Yancey informed Northern Democrats that they had â€Å"failed to defend slavery as a positive good.† In reply to this, a northern senator is claims that they had been mistaken and â€Å"We will no... Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860 Free Essays on Political Landscape From 1850 To 1860 Leading up to and even during the 1850’s, political parties within the union grew tense on the issue of slavery. In the text the author quotes Calhoun as saying â€Å"the cords holding the Union together had already begun to fray.† This is a great description of the growing animosity between the numerous party members. The most devastating blow to the Whig party was brought by the Kansas-Nebraska Act which was put forward by Stephen Douglas and repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty in the new territory of Kansas. With the split of the Whig party, some Northern Whigs joined the new American party which stood for serving the â€Å"patriotic cause of the Union.† Other Northern Whigs joined independent Democrats and Free Soilers arguing in opposition to slavery and forming what is later known as the Republican party in 1854. In 1854, at their first national convention, Republicans sought out John C. Fremont and took the first political party stance against slavery with the slogan â€Å"Free soil, free speech, and Fremont.† Republicans later named Abraham Lincoln as their 1860 presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James Buchanan for the 1856 election to run against Fremont. Contrary to the reaction of the Whig party, the Democratic platform endorsed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, plead with congress not to interfere with slavery issues, condemned nativism, and endorsed religious liberty. Buchanan won the election of 1856. Nearing the 1860 election, Democrats held their convention in Charleston, South Carolina. Here the party saw its split. Douglas supporters promised congressional noninterference with slavery while some southerners demanded protection of slavery. The climax of this party debate came when William L. Yancey informed Northern Democrats that they had â€Å"failed to defend slavery as a positive good.† In reply to this, a northern senator is claims that they had been mistaken and â€Å"We will no...

Definition and Examples of Creoles

Definition and Examples of Creoles In linguistics, a creole is a type of  natural  language that developed historically from a pidgin and came into existence at a fairly precise point in time.  English creoles are spoken by  some of the people in  Jamaica, Sierra Leone, Cameroon, and  parts of Georgia and South Carolina. The historical  transition from a pidgin to a creole is called creolization.  Decreolization is the process by  which a creole language gradually becomes more like the standard language of a region (or the acrolect). The language that provides a creole with most of its vocabulary is called the lexifier language. For example, the lexifier language of Gullah (also called  Sea Island Creole English) is English.   Examples and Observations of Creole Creolization-  A pidgin is the combination of two or more languages which sometimes occurs in trade contact, multi-ethnic or refugee situations, where participants need a functioning common language. . . . Sometimes the pidgin becomes stable and established and comes to be spoken as a mother-tongue by children: the language has then become a creole, which quickly develops in complexity and is used in all functional settings. The process of turning a pidgin into a creole is called ​creolization.(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2007)-   A creole has a jargon or a pidgin in its ancestry; it is spoken natively by an entire speech community, often one whose ancestors were displaced geographically so that their ties with their original language and sociocultural identity were partly broken. Such social conditions were often the result of slavery.(John A. Holm, An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge Univ ersity Press, 2000) Similar Features of CreolesLinguists have been struck by the similarities between widely separated creoles. These include such features as SVO word order, pre-verbal negation, lack of a formal passive voice, questions with the same forms as statements, and copula deletion. Some linguists argue that such similarities are evidence of an innate language faculty or bioprogram- that in conditions of impoverished linguistic input, children will nevertheless develop a fully fledged syntax based on universal grammar.(Michael Pearce, The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Routledge, 2007)Gullah-  The English variety spoken by descendants of Africans on the coast of South Carolina is known as Gullah and has been identified as a creole. Of all the vernaculars associated with African Americans, it is the one that diverges the most from (White) middle-class varieties in North America.(S.S. Mufwene, North American Varieties of English as Byproducts of Population Contacts, in The W orkings of Language, ed. by R. S. Wheeler. Greenwood, 1999)- On possible to get straight wood from crooked timber.(A Gullah  proverb,  from  The Gullah People and Their African Heritage, 2005)- The Gullah lexicon is  largely English. From his research conducted in the late 1930s, Lorenzo Turner was the first linguist to document over 4000 Africanisms in the Gullah lexicon,  many of them used as basket names (e.g. Gullah nicknames). Today you can still hear in normal everyday conversations such African retentions as  buckra white man, tita elder sister, dada mother or elder sister, nyam eat/meat, sa quickly, benne sesame, una you, and da the verb to be.  Other Gullah Africanisms such as  cooter turtle, tote to carry, okra plant food, gumbo stew, and goober peanut are widely used in mainstream American English.(Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, ed. by  Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie.  Elsevier, 2009 Disagreements Over the Creole Roots of Black English in the U.S.[A]s for various arguments that Black English displays African or creole roots because of the role that aspect plays in its grammar (e.g., DeBose and Faraclas 1993), the issue is in fact not yet sufficiently examined to stand as an accepted fact. For one, tense plays a much more central role in Black English grammar than in Creoles or the West African languages of the Upper Guinea region, underlyingly marking the past and future as obligatorily as any Indo-European grammar (cf. also Winford 1998: 116). Second, typical of Creolist Hypothesis advocates generally insufficient attention to English dialects, the aspect arguments do not address the role that aspect in nonstandard British dialects may have played. This gap in argumentation alone renders the linkage of Black English aspect to Africa and creoles seriously incomplete, which is all the more significant given that there is indeed evidence that nonstandard British di alects are more aspect-focused than standard English (Trugdill and Chambers 1991).(John H. McWhorter, Defining Creoles. Oxford University  Press, 2005) Pronunciation: KREE-ol

Barbican Centre Description and analysis of motivations behind the Essay

Barbican Centre Description and analysis of motivations behind the planning scheme - Essay Example Then, the effects of the site on the social and economic life of the local community should be identified, as possible. Also, the resources available for the realization of the particular planning scheme have to be taken into account. In current paper another aspect of urban planning schemes is explored: the motivations that can exist behind such schemes. Particular emphasis is given to the potential influence of modern and postmodern culture on the planning schemes developed within cities. The case of Barbican Centre in London is used as an example for checking the interaction between urban planning and culture. The literature developed in this field is reviewed aiming to show that urban planning is not independent from the cultural environment of modern cities. However, the level at which an urban planning scheme is affected by culture is not standardized; the practice followed in other urban planning schemes developed locally is commonly used as the basis for defining the cultural characteristics of urban planning schemes. In the case under examination the above finding is explained as follows: the designers of the Barbican Centre were based on cultural trends used in the high majority of similar buildings across UK. Of course, differences between Barbican Centre and other sites of similar use have not been avoided, a fact that it is related to the personal perceptions of its designers but also to the needs that the specific Centre has to cover. In addition, through the years, the alterations of certain of the Centre’s initial parts have been necessary under the influence of postmodern culture, an issue discussed analytically below. 2.0 Barbican Centre as a planning scheme reflecting modern and postmodern culture 2.1 Barbican Centre – Description and key characteristics The interaction between the Barbican Centre and the modern/ postmodern culture can be understood only by referring primarily to the key characteristics of Barbican Centre, meani ng especially its construction elements/ structure both in its initial phase, in 1982, and after its two refurbishments, in 2006 and in 2012. The Barbican Centre in the City of London can be characterized as an exceptional architectural work. The idea for the Centre’s establishment can be identified in 1955 but it was quite later, in 1982, that the Centre was finally completed;1 the Queen was invited to open the Barbican Centre in 1982, an invitation to which the Queen responded positively.2 At that time, the Barbican Centre was thought to be an exceptional work, not just in aesthetic terms but also in functional terms: the Centre included not only theatres and cinema but also ‘a library and a series of galleries’.3 Figure 1 – Photos of Barbican Centre, as in 1982 (E-architect 2013) The cost of Barbican Centre has been estimated to ?153m.4 In 2006 the refurbishment of the Centre was considered as necessary so that certain functional weaknesses of the Centr e to be addressed; the works done on the Centre in 2006 reached a cost of ?14m.5 Today, the Barbican Centre is the largest complex of buildings dedicated to art.6 The Centre is consisted of a series of buildings of different size; the London Symphony Orchestra is one of the most important buildings of Barbican Centre.7 The annual visitors of Barbican Centre are about 1.5million.8 An important characteristic of the construction process has been its duration.9 In fact, when the Centre was finally completed its main construction material, ‘the concrete hulk, had fallen out of fashion’.10 The access to the Centre is rather strange: ‘at street level the available connections are limited’.11 Instead, the Centre can be accessed easier by ‘

Sometime in the future oil will become more expensive. investigate the Essay - 1

Sometime in the future oil will become more expensive. investigate the effects of this on the market for oil and the market for oil and the market for other fuels - Essay Example Hubbert (1956) had predicted that the production of oil in America followed a bell shaped graph trend. He stipulated that the peak of oil production was to be attained in 1970 after which production will assume a downward trend. His prediction reigned despite sharp criticisms. He then predicted a global peak to be witnessed in the year 2000. Michael Lynch fronted that the production of oil must be closely tied to oil prices. He argued that Hubbert committed a mistake in assuming that geology is the motivating factor to the discovery, production and depletion of oil. He advocated for supply and demand as the key determinants in the oil industry. "To an economist, the drop in exploration reflects optimal behavior: they do not waste money exploring for something they will not use for decades.† he added. Factors that influence the price of oil. Economic growth is one of the key factors that affect oil prices. A steadfast economic growth will result in an increase in the demand for oil and its byproducts. It thus exhibits a direct relationship with the price of oil. Even as countries seek to experience a rapid economic growth, they need to focus on other sources of energy so that their increased demand for energy can be met adequately. Another factor according to Watson (1987) that affects the price of oil is the seasonal changes. It has been observed that during winter oil prices increases rapidly in Europe and the U.S.A due to the increased demand. Before the beginning of winter, consumers tend to buy excess of oil and its products due to fear of possible. However during

Evidence from Privatization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence from Privatization - Essay Example However, due to limited budgets, governments have been unable to develop all part of the economy equally. Further problems like inadequate use of knowledge, experience and specialization in the management of the various sectors occur and citizens may not receive goods and services from the public enterprises effectively. Lack of competition in the public sector contributes a great deal in the inefficiencies, corruption and lack of motivation in public enterprises (Khan et al., 2012). The main reason governments have opted for privatization is the belief that private firms can make a more efficient and effective use of available resources than governments and at the same time profit the government from the higher revenues privatisation creates. It is also believed that privatisation may result to increased efficiency productivity and liquidity in the financial markets but on the other hand, lead to unemployment and dependency on foreign capital from multinational companies hence decli ne in a nation’s wealth and social welfare (Han, 2012). Full privatisation may have occurred especially in the services sector but it is generally not ideal for governments to conduct a full privatisation. Where natural resources and sensitive goods and or services for instance nuclear energy, partial privatisation is preferred. In this case, the government gives part of the ownership to a private firm, so that it can still have active control in the operations. Privatisation can take place either through share issue privatisation (SIP) which involves selling shares on the stock market or selling the whole firm or part of it to a strategic buyer by auction, asset sale, voucher privatisation or shares of ownership distributed to all citizens (at a low fee or even for free). SIP is the most common and it extends the domestic capital markets and increases the investment opportunities which in turn will stimulate economic growth though some risk is involved. Finding enough buyers could be a problem and as a result the prices drop and the capital gains become insignificant, in turn the transaction costs become high. Asset sale privatisation is common in developing countries. Voucher privatisation was common in the former socialist economies during the transition process. Asset sale and share privatisation are usually beneficial to the government as bidders normally compete and hence offer a high price which makes more money for the government (Walailuck and Christian-Oliver, 2011). Evaluation of privatisation should be from a point of view of the society’s well-being, not from the profit maximisation of the firms. The welfare of the people and the country in general and the state of its economy should be continually improved. There is a general view that all government involvement in the market represents some restrictions to business liberty so it has become intrinsically detrimental. Privatisation is a form of withdrawal of government involvement in business. Since 1980, many European countries have launched privatisation programs with the Great Britain being referred to as the origin of modern privatisation (Ioannis, 2012). Privatisation leads to enhanced economic performance.  

How Milton develops Paradise Lost against Epic Tradition Essay Example for Free

How Milton develops Paradise Lost against Epic Tradition Essay One of the passages in Paradise Lost is â€Å"Answerable Style† specifically the Genre of Paradise Lost wherein the main concern of Milton pertains to which genre must be chosen and not just a simple matter to seek the story’s perfect medium but the writer’s anxiety in placing himself with the poetic tradition known as old centuries. With his decision in writing an epic, Milton was able to place himself in the writers’ epic tradition like for instance the Medieval and Renaissance poets Dante. The content of the Paradise Lost is the classical and epic conceits in the Renaissance concerning heavenly beings with the possible interaction while using the epic similes as well as the places and people’s catalogues with muse invocations. This means that the themes’ content is usually common to epics like for example war, its nationalism, the empire and the origin stories. Another passage in Paradise Lost is â€Å"Things invisible to mortal sight†, which means the classical epics of gods and goddesses and the desires including disagreements are mirroring the human but that of Milton is omnipresent and also invisible. Milton’s God cannot be compared to any individual because of His existence. In Paradise Lost, the story was inspired by the heavenly muse wherein fallen humans are unknowable. God’s portrayal by Milton became the subject of such debate among those scholars as well as critics. Still Milton believes in God’s power and yet explains the foreknowledge of fall and yet human beings may even fall to temptations because of free will given by God to choose and made a decision for them. This is not comparable with those gods as well as goddesses in terms of the epics in classic because of different views and beliefs but still Milton has his own presentation in his belief with God.

Role Of Technology In Business

Role Of Technology In Business In todays competitive business environment, speed is the key for all the business processes. A business process would be inefficient and ineffective without the aid of current information technology. Today, information technology provides communication and analytical power that organizations need for global level business. Globalization of world economies has enhanced the values of information to business organisations and has brought success and new opportunities to the business. All types of business have to compete with their competitors for capturing majority of the market and for innovating better products and services. For this reason, they need to adapt to the technology to handle information systems. Because, being the first to introduce a new product in the market leaves a significant mark to the industry and will give a competitive edge. This advantage is not possible without information systems and technology in business. In addition to this, for improved customer service, easy information retrievals, quick preparation of financial transaction, easy building of strategic alliances etc., IT plays a major role in business. Importance of IT in business Almost all kinds of businesses are relying on computers for automating their traditional processes. Businesses use wide variety of databases, management information systems, information sharing platforms, data sharing networks, internet, intranets, machines, and equipments etc which highly rely on computers. Computer technologies are not only used in the field of finance or marketing, but also in the medical industry, human resource departments, inventory control management systems etc. For example, in a manufacturing firm, all transactions done in a warehouse is loaded in a transaction processing system. If the system is not around it will take a lot of time and also manpower to record all the raw materials coming out of the warehouse for use in the production floor which delays production and shipping of parts. The lead time from ordering to producing and shipping the product will be a long which customers will not understand. Speed is very important to be competitive. IT and competitive Advantage The current challenge of implementing IT-dependent strategic initiatives like business process reengineering, customer intimacy, organizational learning, and even organizational transformations makes an IT capability very valuable in meeting business. In addition, the underlying resources, or IT management assets, can be difficult for competitors to imitate. Thus an IT capability has the potential for delivering long-term competitive advantage. The U.S. trucking industry was deregulated in 1980. Schneider National, Inc., is a large truckload carrier. The top management recognized that IT support of operations would be critical for maximizing utilization of its tractors and trailers. Schneider quickly developed freight modelling software and provided a management interface to the data that enabled the firm to offer more reliable customer service with a lower cost base than most competitors. Schneider National is successful because it has developed a capability for applying IT to ever-changing business opportunities. (Ross, Beath et al. 1996) Impact of IT in business Effective implementation of information technology would decrease liability by reducing the cost of expected failures and increase flexibility by reducing the cost of adjustment. Information Technology is having impact on all trade industries and businesses, in service as well as in manufacturing. It is affecting workers at all levels of organizations, from the executives to middle management and clerks. Information technology is increasingly becoming a basic factor of all types of technologies such as craft, engineering, routine, and non-routine. The advances in Information Technology would result in remarkable decline in the costs of synchronization that would lead to new, concentrated business structures. It enables the business to respond to the new and urgent competitive forces by providing effective management of interdependence. Decision Making Enterprises would need effective information systems to support and to deliver information to the different users. Such information systems would include technology that support decision making, provide effective interface between users and computer technology and provide information for the managers on the day-to-day operations of the enterprises. Information is needed for various purposes and serves as an invaluable commodity or product. Information is very important aspect of decision making in all levels of management in enterprises [Hicks, 1993:648], especially in competitive business environment and managers utilize information as a resource to plan, organize, staff administer and control activities in ways that achieve the enterprises objectives. The ability of enterprises to realize their goals depends on how well the organisation acquires, interprets, synthesises, evaluate and understands information and how well its information channels supports organisational processes. Information glut In the near future businesses would be facing a lack and a redundancy of information called information glut. To solve the information-glut companies will need to introduce methods for selective thinning out of information. Improvements in telecommunications will make it easier to control business units dispersed over different parts of the world. Advances in telecommunications, would result in increased distance-communication. Indirect communication would be preferred for well-structured information for routine, pre-programmed and decision processes. (King, 2006) Therefore, information technology plays a major role in the growth of business. Conclusion The effect of information technology on business advantages is likely to be durable since flexible IT build backbone of the firms for communication and exchange of information. Not only IT infrastructure enhances the competitiveness of the firms by increasing the coordination within and across the organizations, but also it can be an integral component of the business strategy (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993; Laudon and Laudon, 2000). Thus, a flexible IT infrastructure may not only be important for driving business growth but also it could be a catalyst for innovation. Moreover, IT is important to improve operational efficiency and strategic advantages by reducing costs, improving agility, managing change, and maximizing performance (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993).

Women In The Odyssey Essay -- essays research papers

The literature composed during the era when the Odyssey was written was directed by men. Woman characters were valued but the only participated in affairs when they had the permission of men. The men, for the most part, directed the women's lives. The themes used in literature were on the subjects that men would be interested in; combat; warriors, and rulers. Domestic affairs, for the most part, were not noted. There is a immense contrast between the Odyssey and other epic poetry of the period. There are several women characters in the Odyssey. All of them add to plot in significant ways and they are also treated with admiration. The women of the poem change the lives of the gods and men, and how they link in significant ways to one another. Penelope, the wife of Odyssues, is the perfect wife and mother. She is also independant and intelligent. Penelope's character is Homer's model of the ideal woman. She worries when her son Telemachos sails to locate his father and grieves over the absence of her husband. Many times throughout the poem Penelope cries herself to sleep, yearning for information of her husband's welfare. Even after nearly twenty years of absence, Penelope still praises of her husband. At any time Penelope could have married one of the suitors and provided a father figure for her son. This fact demonstrate Penelopes loylaty to her husband. . Standing before the suitors, Penelope announces that whoever among them can string the bow and shoot an arrow through ...

Cost Method Paper Essay

Absorption accounting method according to E Notes (n.d.) â€Å"is a method of accounting where all costs of the manufacturing are included and are allocated to the produced units†. This would include fixed, variable and mixed costs. This type of accounting would allow a more accurate figure to supply to upper management about their product and what the bottom line is. This is the most important factor in Absorption accounting. The variable method is beneficial because it provides an output that is closer to the actual cash flow of a business. If a business is short on money this may be a better alternative. Absorption costing is particularly useful for firms that do not sell their entire yield during the manufacturing period, as is the case with Polk. Under absorption costing, the cost of a good is not shown until the good has been sold. This can be a drawback if a portion of the goods produced are not sold, as the company would still have to know the actual price of these tha t were left over. In this case, it would be better to use the absorption method because this method integrates only the operating expense that is due to the 81,300 units sold. The variable method counts fixed overhead as a time expense, meaning that the fixed overhead for this period is calculated on the basis of the 96,100 units produced, if the absorption method is used. The variable method only computes fixed overhead on the foundation of the 81,300 units that were sold. This provides management with a more accurate picture of the yield of the fishing lures. References Absorption Accounting. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.endnotes.com